ANTI-HUMAN TRAFFICKING - resource page
SELECTED RESOURCES FOR THE COMBATING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (CTIP) CERTIFICATE PROGRAM
CTIP ANTI-HUMAN TRAFFICKING TRAINING MANUAL
Anti-Human Trafficking Training Manual and Resource Page of the Combating Trafficking in Persons (CTIP) Certificate Program of the World Engagement Institute
Marco Tavanti
Elizabeth A. Wilp
Alyssa Rickman
Overview: The training manual includes essential guidelines, definitions and resources for running training on AHT. It also includes links to other tools of the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The training material is designed for public sector representatives (including policymakers, law enforcers, judges, prosecutors) as well as civil society organizations (including NGOs who work on preventing trafficking, protecting and assisting victims and promoting international cooperation.
Weblink: http://www.weinstitute.org/ijshs-1415.html
This is a PDf version of the Combating Trafficking in Persons (CTIP) Training Manual. It includes about 70 pages of basic definitions, links and exercises to be used during the training. Editor, Marco Tavanti, Ph.D.; Associate Editors: Elizabeth Wilp, Alyssa Rickman
World Engagement Institute & Sustainable Capacity International Institute. Version, 2014. Copyrights © 2014: World Engagement Institute. Reproduction and distribution of this manual outside the purpose of the training and outside of personal and ‘fair use’ requires a written authorization. Please contact [email protected]
Download the CTIP A-HT TRAINING MANUAL PDF file HERE (about 2.1 MB)
Anti-Human Trafficking Training Manual and Resource Page of the Combating Trafficking in Persons (CTIP) Certificate Program of the World Engagement Institute
Marco Tavanti
Elizabeth A. Wilp
Alyssa Rickman
Overview: The training manual includes essential guidelines, definitions and resources for running training on AHT. It also includes links to other tools of the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The training material is designed for public sector representatives (including policymakers, law enforcers, judges, prosecutors) as well as civil society organizations (including NGOs who work on preventing trafficking, protecting and assisting victims and promoting international cooperation.
Weblink: http://www.weinstitute.org/ijshs-1415.html
This is a PDf version of the Combating Trafficking in Persons (CTIP) Training Manual. It includes about 70 pages of basic definitions, links and exercises to be used during the training. Editor, Marco Tavanti, Ph.D.; Associate Editors: Elizabeth Wilp, Alyssa Rickman
World Engagement Institute & Sustainable Capacity International Institute. Version, 2014. Copyrights © 2014: World Engagement Institute. Reproduction and distribution of this manual outside the purpose of the training and outside of personal and ‘fair use’ requires a written authorization. Please contact [email protected]
Download the CTIP A-HT TRAINING MANUAL PDF file HERE (about 2.1 MB)
CTIP - TRAINING MANUAL PREVIEW
CTIP POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
A slideshow essential definitions and links prepared on the occasion of the CTIP 2014 Certificate program in Manila, Philippines
About 10 MB and 100 slides divided in sections corresponding to the A-HT training manual
About 10 MB and 100 slides divided in sections corresponding to the A-HT training manual
| ctip_2014.pptx |
UNODC training material
The CTIP is based on the training methods of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). As part of its mandate, UNODC offers various useful resources in combatting human trafficking.
Explore the UNODC A-HT resources HERE
Online Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons
"The fact that trafficking in persons occurs today is a horrifying reality. The fact that there is more we could be doing collectively to combat it should be a global call to arms." (UNODC Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons).
The 123 tools contained in the Toolkit offer guidance, recommended resources, and promising practices to policymakers, law enforcers, judges, prosecutors, victim service providers and members of civil society who are working in interrelated spheres towards preventing trafficking, protecting and assisting victims and promoting international cooperation.
This training is available also in Arabic - Chinese - French - Russian - Spanish
Selected Tools included in the UNODC Toolkit
1. International legal framework
Tool 1.1 Definition of trafficking
Tool 1.2 Distinguishing between trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants
Tool 1.3 The issue of consent
Tool 1.4 Introduction to international instruments against transnational organized crime
Tool 1.5 Implementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto
Tool 1.6 Ratification of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol
Tool 1.7 Other relevant international instruments
Tool 1.8 Regional instruments
2. Problem assessment and strategy development
Tool 2.1 General guidelines for conducting assessments
Tool 2.2 Assessment of the national situation
Tool 2.3 Assessment of the national response
Tool 2.4 Assessment of the legal framework
Tool 2.5 Assessment of the criminal justice system
Tool 2.6 Guiding principles in developing responses to trafficking in persons
Tool 2.7 National action plans and strategies
Tool 2.8 National anti-trafficking rapporteurs
Tool 2.9 Regional action plans and strategies
Tool 2.10 Interregional action plans and strategies
Tool 2.11 An international initiative
Tool 2.12 Developing a multi-agency approach to intervention
Tool 2.13 Developing inter-agency coordination mechanisms
Tool 2.14 Capacity-building and training
3. Legislative framework
Tool 3.1 The need for anti-trafficking legislation
Tool 3.2 Criminalization of the offence of trafficking
Tool 3.3 Other offences related to trafficking in persons
Tool 3.4 Liability of legal persons
Tool 3.5 Criminalizing the laundering of proceeds of trafficking in persons
Tool 3.6 Human rights and anti-trafficking legislation
4. International Criminal Justice Cooperation
Tool 4.1 Overview of mechanisms of criminal justice cooperation under the Organized Crime Convention
Tool 4.2 Extradition
Tool 4.3 Extradition checklist
Tool 4.4 Mutual legal assistance
Tool 4.5 Mutual legal assistance checklist
Tool 4.6 International cooperation for the purposes of confiscation
Tool 4.7 International law enforcement cooperation
Tool 4.8 Article 27 of the Organized Crime Convention, on law enforcement cooperation
Tool 4.9 Bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements or arrangements
Tool 4.10 Promising cooperative practice
5. Law enforcement and prosecution
Tool 5.1 Overview of challenges in investigating human trafficking
Tool 5.2 Snapshot of investigative methodologies
Tool 5.3 Reactive investigation
Tool 5.4 Proactive investigation
Tool 5.5 Disruptive investigation
Tool 5.6 Parallel financial investigation
Tool 5.7 Seizure of assets and confiscation of proceeds of crime
Tool 5.8 Special investigative techniques
Tool 5.9 Crime scene investigations
Tool 5.10 Joint investigation teams
Tool 5.11 Border control measures
Tool 5.12 Intelligence gathering and exchange
Tool 5.13 Prosecution of traffickers
Tool 5.14 Seeking the collaboration of offenders
Tool 5.15 Guidelines on human rights and human trafficking in the context of law enforcement
Tool 5.16 Protecting victims during investigations
Tool 5.17 Witness protection
Tool 5.18 Witness protection during and after the prosecution and trial
Tool 5.19 Special considerations relating to the protection of child witnesses
Tool 5.20 Training tools for law enforcement offices and the judiciary
6. Victim identification
Tool 6.1 Non-criminalization of trafficking victims
Tool 6.2 Considerations before identification
Tool 6.3 Guidelines on victim identification
Tool 6.4 Indicators of trafficking
Tool 6.5 Initial interview
Tool 6.6 Screening interview form of the International Organization for Migration for the identification of victims of trafficking
Tool 6.7 Checklists to facilitate victim identification
Tool 6.8 Health-care providers' tool for identifying victims
Tool 6.9 Interviewing tips for health-care practitioners
Tool 6.10 Law enforcement tool for victim identification
Tool 6.11 Interviewing tips for law enforcers
Tool 6.12 Ethical and safe interviewing conduct
Tool 6.13 Victim certification
Tool 6.14 Training material
7. Immigration status of victims and their return and reintegration
Tool 7.1 Reflection period
Tool 7.2 Temporary or permanent residence permit
Tool 7.3 Understanding the challenges for returnee victims of trafficking
Tool 7.4 Obligations of States
Tool 7.5 Human rights considerations with respect to the return and reintegration of victims
Tool 7.6 Victims facing deportation
Tool 7.7 Mechanisms for the safe return and reintegration of victims
Tool 7.8 The return and reintegration process
Tool 7.9 Protecting refugee victims of trafficking
Tool 7.10 Return and reintegration of children
8. Victim assistance
Tool 8.1 Obligations of States
Tool 8.2 Obligations of States to child victims
Tool 8.3 Protection, assistance and human rights
Tool 8.4 Language and translation assistance
Tool 8.5 Medical assistance
Tool 8.6 Psychological assistance
Tool 8.7 Material assistance
Tool 8.8 Shelter programmes
Tool 8.9 Rehabilitation, skills training and education
Tool 8.10 Promising examples of integrated services
Tool 8.11 Overview of HIV/AIDS
Tool 8.12 Responses to the vulnerability to HIV/AIDS of victims of trafficking in persons
Tool 8.13 HIV guidelines for law enforcers, prosecutors and judges
Tool 8.14 Testing and counselling for HIV/AIDS among people vulnerable to trafficking in persons
Tool 8.15 HIV referral model for people vulnerable to trafficking in persons
Tool 8.16 Access to information and legal representation
Tool 8.17 Restitution and compensation for victims
9. Prevention of trafficking in persons
Tool 9.1 Principles of prevention
Tool 9.2 Addressing the root causes of trafficking
Tool 9.3 Eliminating gender-based discrimination and promoting women's economic rights
Tool 9.4 Prevention of corruption
Tool 9.5 Citizenship and statelessness
Tool 9.6 Measures relating to travel and identity documents
Tool 9.7 Prevention checklists
Tool 9.8 Awareness-raising measures
Tool 9.9 Awareness-raising campaign checklist
Tool 9.10 Designing a communication strategy
Tool 9.11 Rapid response: prevention during emergencies
Tool 9.12 Defining the concept of demand
Tool 9.13 Commercial sexual exploitation of children
Tool 9.14 Proactive prevention strategies: targeting traffickers
Tool 9.15 Use of standardized data collection instruments
Tool 9.16 The role of the media in preventing trafficking
Tool 9.17 Conduct of peacekeepers and other law enforcement personnel
Tool 9.18 Training for peacekeepers and other law enforcement personnel
Tool 9.19 Trafficking in persons for organ removal
10. Monitoring and evaluation
Tool 10.1 Overview of monitoring and evaluation
Tool 10.2 Monitoring and evaluation in the project cycle
Tool 10.3 Logical framework
Tool 10.4 How to plan and conduct an evaluation
Tool 10.5 Monitoring and evaluation of projects relating to trafficking in persons
Explore the UNODC A-HT resources HERE
Online Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons
"The fact that trafficking in persons occurs today is a horrifying reality. The fact that there is more we could be doing collectively to combat it should be a global call to arms." (UNODC Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons).
The 123 tools contained in the Toolkit offer guidance, recommended resources, and promising practices to policymakers, law enforcers, judges, prosecutors, victim service providers and members of civil society who are working in interrelated spheres towards preventing trafficking, protecting and assisting victims and promoting international cooperation.
This training is available also in Arabic - Chinese - French - Russian - Spanish
Selected Tools included in the UNODC Toolkit
1. International legal framework
Tool 1.1 Definition of trafficking
Tool 1.2 Distinguishing between trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants
Tool 1.3 The issue of consent
Tool 1.4 Introduction to international instruments against transnational organized crime
Tool 1.5 Implementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto
Tool 1.6 Ratification of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol
Tool 1.7 Other relevant international instruments
Tool 1.8 Regional instruments
2. Problem assessment and strategy development
Tool 2.1 General guidelines for conducting assessments
Tool 2.2 Assessment of the national situation
Tool 2.3 Assessment of the national response
Tool 2.4 Assessment of the legal framework
Tool 2.5 Assessment of the criminal justice system
Tool 2.6 Guiding principles in developing responses to trafficking in persons
Tool 2.7 National action plans and strategies
Tool 2.8 National anti-trafficking rapporteurs
Tool 2.9 Regional action plans and strategies
Tool 2.10 Interregional action plans and strategies
Tool 2.11 An international initiative
Tool 2.12 Developing a multi-agency approach to intervention
Tool 2.13 Developing inter-agency coordination mechanisms
Tool 2.14 Capacity-building and training
3. Legislative framework
Tool 3.1 The need for anti-trafficking legislation
Tool 3.2 Criminalization of the offence of trafficking
Tool 3.3 Other offences related to trafficking in persons
Tool 3.4 Liability of legal persons
Tool 3.5 Criminalizing the laundering of proceeds of trafficking in persons
Tool 3.6 Human rights and anti-trafficking legislation
4. International Criminal Justice Cooperation
Tool 4.1 Overview of mechanisms of criminal justice cooperation under the Organized Crime Convention
Tool 4.2 Extradition
Tool 4.3 Extradition checklist
Tool 4.4 Mutual legal assistance
Tool 4.5 Mutual legal assistance checklist
Tool 4.6 International cooperation for the purposes of confiscation
Tool 4.7 International law enforcement cooperation
Tool 4.8 Article 27 of the Organized Crime Convention, on law enforcement cooperation
Tool 4.9 Bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements or arrangements
Tool 4.10 Promising cooperative practice
5. Law enforcement and prosecution
Tool 5.1 Overview of challenges in investigating human trafficking
Tool 5.2 Snapshot of investigative methodologies
Tool 5.3 Reactive investigation
Tool 5.4 Proactive investigation
Tool 5.5 Disruptive investigation
Tool 5.6 Parallel financial investigation
Tool 5.7 Seizure of assets and confiscation of proceeds of crime
Tool 5.8 Special investigative techniques
Tool 5.9 Crime scene investigations
Tool 5.10 Joint investigation teams
Tool 5.11 Border control measures
Tool 5.12 Intelligence gathering and exchange
Tool 5.13 Prosecution of traffickers
Tool 5.14 Seeking the collaboration of offenders
Tool 5.15 Guidelines on human rights and human trafficking in the context of law enforcement
Tool 5.16 Protecting victims during investigations
Tool 5.17 Witness protection
Tool 5.18 Witness protection during and after the prosecution and trial
Tool 5.19 Special considerations relating to the protection of child witnesses
Tool 5.20 Training tools for law enforcement offices and the judiciary
6. Victim identification
Tool 6.1 Non-criminalization of trafficking victims
Tool 6.2 Considerations before identification
Tool 6.3 Guidelines on victim identification
Tool 6.4 Indicators of trafficking
Tool 6.5 Initial interview
Tool 6.6 Screening interview form of the International Organization for Migration for the identification of victims of trafficking
Tool 6.7 Checklists to facilitate victim identification
Tool 6.8 Health-care providers' tool for identifying victims
Tool 6.9 Interviewing tips for health-care practitioners
Tool 6.10 Law enforcement tool for victim identification
Tool 6.11 Interviewing tips for law enforcers
Tool 6.12 Ethical and safe interviewing conduct
Tool 6.13 Victim certification
Tool 6.14 Training material
7. Immigration status of victims and their return and reintegration
Tool 7.1 Reflection period
Tool 7.2 Temporary or permanent residence permit
Tool 7.3 Understanding the challenges for returnee victims of trafficking
Tool 7.4 Obligations of States
Tool 7.5 Human rights considerations with respect to the return and reintegration of victims
Tool 7.6 Victims facing deportation
Tool 7.7 Mechanisms for the safe return and reintegration of victims
Tool 7.8 The return and reintegration process
Tool 7.9 Protecting refugee victims of trafficking
Tool 7.10 Return and reintegration of children
8. Victim assistance
Tool 8.1 Obligations of States
Tool 8.2 Obligations of States to child victims
Tool 8.3 Protection, assistance and human rights
Tool 8.4 Language and translation assistance
Tool 8.5 Medical assistance
Tool 8.6 Psychological assistance
Tool 8.7 Material assistance
Tool 8.8 Shelter programmes
Tool 8.9 Rehabilitation, skills training and education
Tool 8.10 Promising examples of integrated services
Tool 8.11 Overview of HIV/AIDS
Tool 8.12 Responses to the vulnerability to HIV/AIDS of victims of trafficking in persons
Tool 8.13 HIV guidelines for law enforcers, prosecutors and judges
Tool 8.14 Testing and counselling for HIV/AIDS among people vulnerable to trafficking in persons
Tool 8.15 HIV referral model for people vulnerable to trafficking in persons
Tool 8.16 Access to information and legal representation
Tool 8.17 Restitution and compensation for victims
9. Prevention of trafficking in persons
Tool 9.1 Principles of prevention
Tool 9.2 Addressing the root causes of trafficking
Tool 9.3 Eliminating gender-based discrimination and promoting women's economic rights
Tool 9.4 Prevention of corruption
Tool 9.5 Citizenship and statelessness
Tool 9.6 Measures relating to travel and identity documents
Tool 9.7 Prevention checklists
Tool 9.8 Awareness-raising measures
Tool 9.9 Awareness-raising campaign checklist
Tool 9.10 Designing a communication strategy
Tool 9.11 Rapid response: prevention during emergencies
Tool 9.12 Defining the concept of demand
Tool 9.13 Commercial sexual exploitation of children
Tool 9.14 Proactive prevention strategies: targeting traffickers
Tool 9.15 Use of standardized data collection instruments
Tool 9.16 The role of the media in preventing trafficking
Tool 9.17 Conduct of peacekeepers and other law enforcement personnel
Tool 9.18 Training for peacekeepers and other law enforcement personnel
Tool 9.19 Trafficking in persons for organ removal
10. Monitoring and evaluation
Tool 10.1 Overview of monitoring and evaluation
Tool 10.2 Monitoring and evaluation in the project cycle
Tool 10.3 Logical framework
Tool 10.4 How to plan and conduct an evaluation
Tool 10.5 Monitoring and evaluation of projects relating to trafficking in persons
ANTI-HUMAN TRAFFICKING essential resources
Essential Readings on Anti-Human Trafficking: An Annotated Bibliography
Prepared by Marco Tavanti and Kelly Ann Yeo-Oxenham for the International Journal of Sustainable Human Security (IJSHS) Special Issue on Anti-Human Trafficking. Read more at http://www.weinstitute.org/ijshs-1415.html
Overview: This bibliography contains a sampling of research for the theory and practice of anti-human trafficking work. It has been compiled from various sources and is meant to be a guide to the wealth of resources available on the issue of Human Trafficking. It is by no means exhaustive. To facilitate your search, the references below are divided into categories. Simply click on one of the following categories to move directly to that section of the bibliography.
Sections: SPECIAL REPORTS ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING | UNITED NATIONS PROTOCOLS | GUIDES & TOOLKITS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND MIGRATION | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND GENDER | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN RIGHTS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN SECURITY | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION.
SPECIAL REPORTS ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING
United Nations Global Report on Trafficking in Persons (2001-current)
Compiled by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons (Global TIP) is based on data gathered from 155 countries and offers the first global assessment of the scope of human trafficking and what is being done to fight it. It includes: an overview of trafficking patterns; legal steps taken in response; and country-specific information on reported cases of trafficking in persons, victims, and prosecutions. The Report shows that in the past few years the number of Member States seriously implementing the Protocol has more than doubled (from 54 to 125 out of the 155 States covered). However, there are still many countries that lack the necessary legal instruments or political will. Published annually, the report for 2014 highlights how impunity prevails, with the number of global convictions remaining extremely low despite a continued increase in the number of detected child victims.
United States Trafficking in Persons Report (2014)
This is the annual report released by the US State Department that chooses one specific area of human trafficking to concentrate on and give background, explore present conditions around the world and set goals for the next year of addressing this pressing issue. The report also points to the problem of forced criminality in human trafficking cases and states that "Trafficked individuals who are forced to commit a crime are commonly mistaken for criminals—rather than being identified as victims—and therefore treated as such by law enforcement and judicial officials" (pg.14, 2014). The report goes onto to draw connections between global sporting events and elevated trafficking, and in line with 2014's theme, "From Victim to Survivor" gives concrete examples of solutions that are in work and creating progress.
International Organization for Migration 2011 Case Data on Human Trafficking: Global Figures & Trends
IOM has compiled information on all trafficking cases assisted by the organization in 2011. This is a process which has been on‐going in the context of a J/TIP funded project to support the IOM human trafficking database tool. Programmatic data is collected and stored through two channels: (1) the IOM MIMOSA based Human trafficking database; (2) and the ‘sister’ core variable approach. (1) Through the IOM MIMOSA4 based Counter‐Trafficking Module (CTM) otherwise known as the IOM human trafficking database, the IOM Migrant Assistance Division can to date report upon numerous variables for all cases encoded into the system from 2000‐2010. This covers approximately 20,000 cases encoded by 72 different missions. Screening interviews, undertaken upon first contact with the trafficked person, assess whether an individual was trafficked according to the definition provided in the Palermo Protocol and also their immediate protection needs. Assistance interviews, undertaken once the individual has accepted IOM assistance, document the victim’s background, recruitment and transportation, trafficking experience and their assistance and/or re/integration needs, including what service are (and are not) provided. The IOM database encodes data about individual trafficking victims according to these standardized interview forms. This standardized data is further supplemented by qualitative data from interviews with trafficking victims, which allows for the documentation of details that fall outside of the standardized fields and adds depth to the information collected. Interviews are undertaken by service providers, either an IOM staff or an NGO or GO partner with whom IOM works in providing direct assistance. The data in this document was compiled by IOM Headquarters staff, Anvar Serojitdinov, Project Officer, [email protected] in conjunction with the assistance of IOM field missions. All enquiries can be addressed to the given email address or directly to the appropriate IOM mission.
The State of Counter-Trafficking Research
A report prepared by IOM, NEXUS Institute and UNIAP on the key issues and outcomes of a three-day consultation among anti-trafficking researchers from around the world to take stock of the state of counter-trafficking research. The report is the result of a joint initiative by IOM, the NEXUS Institute and UNIAP (UNIAP, 2011)
UNITED NATIONS PROTOCOLS
United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (COTC) And The Protocols Thereto
The signing of this convention by the international community demonstrated the political will to answer a global challenge with a global response. It sent a clear message - if crime crosses borders, so must law enforcement. In response to one of the most egregious violations of human rights - the trafficking of persons, particularly women and children, for forced and exploitative labor, including for sexual exploitation, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children was introduced in 2000. Also known as the Palermo Protocol, 117 nations have since ratified this treaty in an attempt to counter the scourge of trafficking that is rooted in social and economic conditions in the countries from which the victims come, facilitated by practices that discriminate against women and driven by cruel indifference to human suffering on the part of those who exploit the services that the victims are forced to provide.
Protocol To Prevent, Suppress And Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women And Children (Trafficking In Persons Protocol)
The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, was adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25. It entered into force on 25 December 2003. It is the first global legally binding instrument with an agreed definition on trafficking in persons. The intention behind this definition is to facilitate convergence in national approaches with regard to the establishment of domestic criminal offences that would support efficient international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting trafficking in persons cases. An additional objective of the Protocol is to protect and assist the victims of trafficking in persons with full respect for their human rights.
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (Migrant Smuggling Protocol)
The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25, entered into force on 28 January 2004. It deals with the growing problem of organized criminal groups who smuggle migrants, often at high risk to the migrants and at great profit for the offenders. A major achievement of the Protocol was that, for the first time in a global international instrument, a definition of smuggling of migrants was developed and agreed upon. The Protocol aims at preventing and combating the smuggling of migrants, as well as promoting cooperation among States parties, while protecting the rights of smuggled migrants and preventing the worst forms of their exploitation which often characterize the smuggling process.
GUIDES & TOOLKITS
Annotated Guide to the Complete UN Trafficking Protocol
Annotated Guide to the Complete UN Trafficking Protocol providing a tool to assist advocates in the development of a human rights framework for national anti-trafficking laws and policies (International Human Rights Law Group, 2002)
(Re)thinking Trafficking Prevention: A Guide to Applying Behavior Theory
A guidebook highlighting the benefits of behavior theory, developed and refined in other fields, as a basis for stronger program design and evaluation in the anti-trafficking sector (Research Communications Group, ADB, UNIAP, 2011)
Monitoring Anti-Trafficking (Re)Integration Programmes: A Manual
A manual seeking to help fill the gap of information on monitoring and evaluation of anti-trafficking assistance, particularly (re)integration work, based on the work of NGOs currently active in (re)integration assistance in the Balkan region (NEXUS Institute, 2010)
Guide to Ethics and Human Rights in Counter-Trafficking
A guidebook introducing 7 key ethical principles for anti-trafficking research and programming, and including a number of tools for their practical application (UNIAP, 2008)
Shelter Self-Improvement Toolkit
A toolkit to provide policy makers and victim service providers with a basic set of instruments and program guidelines to implement a shelter self-improvement project, to be customized to meet the needs of the localized context, with training provided by experts of international quality standards for rights-based trafficking victims protection services (UNIAP, 2011)
Statistical Methods for Estimating Numbers of Trafficking Victims
A Summary of winning proposals from a new global competitive initiative to find methods for estimating numbers of trafficking victims in a given geographic area and/or sector (UNIAP, 2008)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND MIGRATION
International Framework for Action to Implement the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol
The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Smuggling of Migrants Protocol)1 was adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/25 and entered into force on 28 January 2004. To date, 124 United Nations Member States are parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Smuggling of Migrants Protocol)1 was adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/25 and entered into force on 28 January 2004. To date, 124 United Nations Member States are parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. The Framework for Action is a technical assistance tool that assists Member States to implement the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. The Framework for Action clarifies the objectives of the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol and recommends operational measures that can be taken to achieve these objectives in practice. (UNODC 2011)
Florida Trafficking Initiative Center for the Advancement of Human Rights, Florida State University
The Florida Trafficking Initiative is a project of The Center for the Advancement of Human Rights at Florida State University. Funded by the Florida Department of Children and Families, Office of Refugee Services, this project endeavors to bring together representatives from three U.S. Attorney Offices, local and state law enforcement, state attorneys, refugee assistance organizations, non-profit domestic violence, sexual assault advocates and other NGOs to address trafficking in our State. The Florida Trafficking Initiative involves collaboration among organizations and individuals from across the State of Florida. Florida's resettlement program is the largest in the nation, resettling 20,000 nearly refugees and entrants annually, more than double that of the next largest state. Since FY1990, Florida is home to nearly 200,000 refugees and immigrants. Through its refugee network, Florida offers a wide variety of programs to help with the resettlement of new arrivals, including employment, vocational education, English language training, crime prevention, health care, citizenship, childcare, and youth, elderly and family services.
Asylum Policies For Unaccompanied Children Compared With Expedited Removal Policies For Unauthorized Adults
United States Congress considers revising the current policy on how unaccompanied children should be treated in terms of asylum and expedited removal. Should unaccompanied children stay or be sent back? Those who support the expedited removal, argues that children who meet the “credible fear threshold” should be able to request asylum. For those who support the current policy, wants to give the unaccompanied children the opportunity to recover from their potential traumatizing journey before making their asylum claim. The treatment of unaccompanied alien children was included in the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) in 2008. The initial screening by TVPRA determine whether or not a child should be returned to their country or be transfer to Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) and placed in removal proceedings. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) requires asylum officer to conduct “child-appropriate interviews taking into account age, stage of language development, background, and level of sophistication”. USCIS would take the jurisdiction over the asylum application with pending claims in immigration court, if the child is unaccompanied alien child. (Congressional Research Service 2014).
Global Eye On Human Trafficking
This issue takes a closer look at human trafficking and labour exploitation of migrants in two industries particularly affected by these abuses – small-scale gold mining and fishing. Despite the varying modi operandi of traffickers from region to region, some commonalities include remote locations that isolate workers and hinder regular labour inspection and provision of services, the arduous manual labour required, and the informal or even illegal nature of the work. Another contribution focuses on the particular situation of Iraq, where some international companies have been found to employ exploited and/or trafficked migrants in the construction, domestic and service sectors. This issue then goes on to explore some of the responses and promising practices to combating the exploitation of migrant workers. (IOM 2012)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The Economics Of Human Trafficking And Labour Migration: Micro-Evidence From Eastern Europe
Human trafficking is a humanitarian problem of global scale, but quantitative research on the issue barely exists. This paper is the first attempt to analyze the economics of human trafficking and labour migration based on micro data, using unique household surveys from Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. We find that individual trafficking risks are much higher in regions with large emigration flows. The reasons are lower recruitment costs for traffickers in emigration areas and, to a less extent, more negative self-selection into migration. Our results also indicate that illegal migration increases trafficking risks and that better information, e.g. through awareness campaigns, might be an effective strategy to reduce the crime. These findings may help policymakers to better target antitrafficking efforts. (Journal of Comparative Economics 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2010.02.001
Targeting Endemic Vulnerability Factors To Human Trafficking
What makes a person or community vulnerable to human trafficking? Common assumptions are that poverty and a lack of education are primary factors, but evidence often proves otherwise. In different locales, different factors increase the risk of being trafficked. Evidence-based programming requires an understanding of the vulnerability factors, verified through research with individuals and communities at risk, to design appropriate interventions and achieve measurable positive impact in preventing trafficking and risky migration. (UNIAP 2007)
Migrants’ Remittances and Development: Myths, Rethoric and Realities
The close relationship between economic development and migration has been recognized for some time. In recent years, however, there has been a shift in thinking about the relationship between migration and development. Traditionally, migration was seen as a problem with negative implications for development. Today, there is a growing recognition that migration and migrants can enhance a country’s development. One of the factors which contributed to this change in thinking is the growing recognition of the importance of remittances. (IOM 2006)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND GENDER
How to Use a Trafficked Woman: The Alliance between Political and Criminal Trafficking Organisations
The principal argument of this paper is that migrant women with secure mobility rights and supportive social networks can avoid or mitigate many trafficking harms. However the paper contends that some actors have conspired to prevent such circumstances so as to pursue diverse political agendas at the expense of migrant women. The paper's analysis restructures the trafficking contest from organised criminals versus law enforcement agencies to principally a contest between migrant women and those political agents who benefit from the moral panic associated with trafficking. It is then argued that it is these more sophisticated political actors rather than organised criminals and the clients of sex workers are the most important stakeholders in sustaining or exploiting trafficking harm. Therefore, it is concluded that resolving many trafficking harms in the EEA could be achieved by subverting political traffickers through improving migration policy rather than fighting organised crime. (Davies and Davies 2008)
A Toolkit For Reporting To Cedaw On Trafficking In Women And Exploitation Of Migrant Women Workers
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is an international human rights treaty which aims to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and to promote equal rights between men and women worldwide. CEDAW is of great significance to trafficking in women and the exploitation of migrant women workers because it obliges states to uphold, promote, protect, respect and fulfil many rights which are critical in preventing and eliminating trafficking in women and the exploitation of migrant women workers and ensuring that adequate and rights enhancing protections and remedies are afforded to those affected. This toolkit provides guidance to NGOs engaging in the CEDAW review process. It hopes to enable NGO reporting to provide more thorough information on the situation of trafficking in women and the exploitation of women migrant workers 7 and to link these areas of concern with migration, labor and discrimination issues. It also provides lobbying tools for NGOs to facilitate effective advocacy to the Committee on these issues, in order that the Committee is better equipped to address trafficking and the exploitation of migrant women workers with states under review. (Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women 2011)
Trafficking in Persons: a Gender and Rights Perspective
The United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM-East and Southeast Asia Regional Office, Bangkok) and the United Nations Inter-agency Project on Human Trafficking in the Mekong Sub-region are pleased to present this briefing kit entitled “Trafficking in Persons: a Gender and Rights Perspective”. This kit is an invitation to all practitioners addressing the issue to revisit and rethink their efforts from a gender and rights perspective. (UNIFEM and UNIAP 2002)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Trafficking, Smuggling, and Human Rights
In recent years, the smuggling of human beings across international borders has grown rapidly. A small-scale cross border activity affecting a handful of countries has become a multimillion-dollar activity that is global in scope. Information about human smuggling — the numbers of people smuggled, the conditions that they endure in transit and their treatment on arrival — is patchy at best. It is currently estimated that some 800,000 people are smuggled across borders every year. These figures mask the complex and various experiences of the men, women, and children caught up in such processes. Those who are smuggled include political refugees, those fleeing conflict and violence of various kinds, and economic migrants in search of a better life.
Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking
A set of principles and guidelines providing practical, rights-based policy guidance on the prevention of trafficking and the protection of victims of trafficking. Their purpose is to promote and facilitate the integration of a human rights perspective into national, regional and international anti-trafficking laws, policies and interventions (OHCHR, 2002)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN SECURITY
Human Trafficking: An Issue of Human and National Security
There can be little doubt that trafficking in human beings, this billions-of-dollars illicit industry, is a horrendous by-product of global poverty and the unchecked greed. As this avalanche of people enslavement rolls down into our communities, it is adversely impacting the individual, the nation-state and humankind. It is as much endangering the security of the individual human being as it is interfering with the security of the nation. Hence, in this day and age of technology and globalization, the concept of national security, should, in accordance with our values, include human security, as the only way to effectively counter global threats and to achieve a public order of human dignity. Back in 1945, Edward Stettinius Jr., U.S. Secretary of State, reporting on the San Francisco Conference that established the United Nations, noted, with remarkable foresight: "The battle of peace has to be fought on two fronts. The first is the security front where victory spells freedom from fear. The second is the economic and social front where victory means freedom from want. Only victory on both fronts can assure the world of an enduring peace."2 Today, almost 70 years later, we are still struggling to be free from fear, free from want, and free to live a life of dignity in our communities. In the context of human trafficking, interference with these freedoms is both its cause and its consequence. This paper will first focus on defining the notions of national security and human security, then describe the scope and magnitude of human trafficking globally, in our Western hemisphere, as well as in our own Sunshine State, analyze the connection of human trafficking to national security, and conclude with a brief appraisal and recommendation. (National Security & Armed Conflict Law Review 2013)
A Human Security Approach to Anti-trafficking Policies in the EU: Tackling the Structural Sources of Vulnerability
For purposes that range from sexual exploitation to forced labor, from criminal activities to illegal child-adoption and the sale of organs, adult men, women and children are exploited in what represents a gross violation of their basic human rights. Next to the illicit trade in drugs and small weapons, trafficking in persons (TIP) is thought to represent the third largest criminal enterprise in the world, with annual profits estimated at $9.5 billion. This paper argues that if trafficking in persons is to be fought against effectively, the human aspect of the trafficking phenomenon has to be taken into consideration when devising anti-trafficking policies. Public policies have to tackle the structural causes of vulnerability to trafficking of people: address the socio-economic factors in origin countries in tandem with rethinking migration policies and reducing the factors underlying the demand for trafficked labor in destination countries. (Ionescu 2007)
Supporting The Strengthening Of Government Institutions And Civil Society Capacities To Improve The Protection Of Vulnerable Migrants In Transit
As part of the UNTFHS-funded project titled 'Supporting the strengthening of government institutions and civil society capacities to improve the protection of vulnerable migrants in transit' IOM Mexico has launched an E-learning Platform on Human Security and Migration. The online platform is a training tool that will provide quality and up-to-date training on issues of human security and migration, trafficking, children and adolescent migrants, human rights and crime prevention. It was designed for use by public officials, representatives of civil society and Central and South American consular officials responsible for providing assistance, guidance and protection to migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees. (IOM Mexico 2014)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION
The Links between Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: A Briefing Handbook
The handbook may be used as a resource for writing, for education, for work with women and men who wish to combat trafficking and to curb the growth of the sex industry, whether locally or globally. It can also be used as an information resource for those dealing with media – many of whom fail to focus on the essential ‘ demand ’ factor, preferring instead to keep their gaze on the woman in prostitution or provide a partisan voice for those who promote the alleged “ right to prostitute ” and romanticize prostitution as “ sex work,” in essence defending the vested interests of the sex industry. ( O’Conner and Healy 2006)
Assessing Criminal Justice and Human Rights Models in the Fight against Sex Trafficking: A Case Study of the ASEAN Region
This article focuses on how the responses of the States within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (hereinafter ASEAN) to combating sex trafficking, or trafficking for the purposes of forced prostitution, have evolved over time. In doing so it assesses the effectiveness of these frameworks in addressing the plight of trafficked victims and breaking the vicious cycle of trafficking. Part 2 gives a brief overview of the various criminal law, human rights and multidisciplinary frameworks developed by the international community against sex trafficking. Particular focus is given to the 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (hereinafter the 2000 Palermo Protocol against Trafficking) which has a multidisciplinary and victim-centred approach that reflects a change in the international community’s understanding of sex trafficking, not only as a crime, but as a violation of victims’ rights and whose complex push and pull factors necessitate a multidisciplinary approach. Part 3 then examines ASEAN’s approach to combatting sex trafficking, focusing in particular on how the dominant criminal law approach adopted by ASEAN does not adequately protect trafficked victims, nor does it effectively break the cycle of trafficking. Parts 4, 5 and 6 outline and assess the anti-trafficking strategies developed in Malaysia, a country which has in the past fought sex trafficking via a strict criminal law model, and the Philippines, a country which in the past sought to suppress trafficking pursuant to a labour migration framework. It describes how these countries have, in line with international developments, moved towards adopting a more multidisciplinary and victim-centred approach towards combatting sex trafficking.( Essex Human Rights Review 2006)
The Small Hands of Slavery
Save the Children has highlighted eight forms of child slavery. There are 5,000 prostitutes under the age of 18 in the UK, according to a charity report. Save the Children's figures suggest three-quarters of these are girls, and 1.8 million children are being abused in the sex industry across the world. The report, marking 200 years since the end of the British slave trade, says 1.2 million children and babies are trafficked every year worldwide. The gangs involved make an annual £15bn profit, the charity says. Save the Children says the eight most common forms of child slavery today are: child trafficking, child prostitution, bonded child labour (to pay off debt), forced work in mines, agricultural labour, child soldiers, forced child marriage, and domestic slavery. The report states one million children are risking their lives in mines and quarries in more than 50 African, Asian and South American countries. About 132 million children under the age of 15 are working in agriculture, often exposed to pesticides, heavy machinery, machetes and axes, it says. There are 300,000 children involved with fighting forces, including government armies, the report says. Child marriage - including mail order and internet brides - is one of the most widespread forms of slavery, it adds. The charity called on the world's governments to ensure an end to child slavery. (Save The Children 2007)
United Nations Convention Against Translational Organized Crime and the Protocol Thereto
United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime
UNODC-2004
Overview: “The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000, is the main international instrument in the fight against transnational organized crime. It opened for signature by Member States at a High-level Political Conference convened for that purpose in Palermo, Italy, on 12-15 December 2000 and entered into force on 29 September 2003. The Convention is further supplemented by three Protocols, which target specific areas and manifestations of organized crime: the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children; the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; and the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition. Countries must become parties to the Convention itself before they can become parties to any of the Protocols.”
Weblink: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/treaties/CTOC/
Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP)
United States Department of State
US-DOS
“The Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report is the U.S. Government’s principal diplomatic tool to engage foreign governments on human trafficking. It is also the world’s most comprehensive resource of governmental anti-human trafficking efforts and reflects the U.S. Government’s commitment to global leadership on this key human rights and law enforcement issue. It represents an updated, global look at the nature and scope of trafficking in persons and the broad range of government actions to confront and eliminate it. The U.S. Government uses the TIP Report to engage foreign governments in dialogues to advance anti-trafficking reforms and to combat trafficking and to target resources on prevention, protection and prosecution programs. Worldwide, the report is used by international organizations, foreign governments, and nongovernmental organizations alike as a tool to examine where resources are most needed. Freeing victims, preventing trafficking, and bringing traffickers to justice are the ultimate goals of the report and of the U.S Government's anti-human trafficking policy. In the TIP Report, the Department of State places each country onto one of three tiers based on the extent of their governments’ efforts to comply with the “minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking” found in Section 108 of the TVPA. While Tier 1 is the highest ranking, it does not mean that a country has no human trafficking problem. On the contrary, a Tier 1 ranking indicates that a government has acknowledged the existence of human trafficking, made efforts to address the problem, and complies with the TVPA’s minimum standards. Each year, governments need to demonstrate appreciable progress in combating trafficking to maintain a Tier 1 ranking.”
Weblink: http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/
People Trafficking, Human Security and Development
Development Bulletin 2004
Overview: This special issue of Development Bulletin offers a good overview of fundamental issues on human trafficking in relation to human security. About 10 years ago, when trafficking of women, men and children was becoming a major international issue, the collected articles offered a overview of the various ramifications in national politics, legislative developments, criminal punishment, corruption prevention, respect of human rights, migration and poverty. In the same year when the notion of human security came to the international attention, this publication has been relevant to show the connections of human security and anti-human trafficking specific to the Australian context but also relevant to many other global and glocal contexts.
Weblink: Download the entire publication here: https://crawford.anu.edu.au/rmap/devnet/devnet/db-66.pdf
Prepared by Marco Tavanti and Kelly Ann Yeo-Oxenham for the International Journal of Sustainable Human Security (IJSHS) Special Issue on Anti-Human Trafficking. Read more at http://www.weinstitute.org/ijshs-1415.html
Overview: This bibliography contains a sampling of research for the theory and practice of anti-human trafficking work. It has been compiled from various sources and is meant to be a guide to the wealth of resources available on the issue of Human Trafficking. It is by no means exhaustive. To facilitate your search, the references below are divided into categories. Simply click on one of the following categories to move directly to that section of the bibliography.
Sections: SPECIAL REPORTS ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING | UNITED NATIONS PROTOCOLS | GUIDES & TOOLKITS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND MIGRATION | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND GENDER | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN RIGHTS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN SECURITY | HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION.
SPECIAL REPORTS ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING
United Nations Global Report on Trafficking in Persons (2001-current)
Compiled by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons (Global TIP) is based on data gathered from 155 countries and offers the first global assessment of the scope of human trafficking and what is being done to fight it. It includes: an overview of trafficking patterns; legal steps taken in response; and country-specific information on reported cases of trafficking in persons, victims, and prosecutions. The Report shows that in the past few years the number of Member States seriously implementing the Protocol has more than doubled (from 54 to 125 out of the 155 States covered). However, there are still many countries that lack the necessary legal instruments or political will. Published annually, the report for 2014 highlights how impunity prevails, with the number of global convictions remaining extremely low despite a continued increase in the number of detected child victims.
United States Trafficking in Persons Report (2014)
This is the annual report released by the US State Department that chooses one specific area of human trafficking to concentrate on and give background, explore present conditions around the world and set goals for the next year of addressing this pressing issue. The report also points to the problem of forced criminality in human trafficking cases and states that "Trafficked individuals who are forced to commit a crime are commonly mistaken for criminals—rather than being identified as victims—and therefore treated as such by law enforcement and judicial officials" (pg.14, 2014). The report goes onto to draw connections between global sporting events and elevated trafficking, and in line with 2014's theme, "From Victim to Survivor" gives concrete examples of solutions that are in work and creating progress.
International Organization for Migration 2011 Case Data on Human Trafficking: Global Figures & Trends
IOM has compiled information on all trafficking cases assisted by the organization in 2011. This is a process which has been on‐going in the context of a J/TIP funded project to support the IOM human trafficking database tool. Programmatic data is collected and stored through two channels: (1) the IOM MIMOSA based Human trafficking database; (2) and the ‘sister’ core variable approach. (1) Through the IOM MIMOSA4 based Counter‐Trafficking Module (CTM) otherwise known as the IOM human trafficking database, the IOM Migrant Assistance Division can to date report upon numerous variables for all cases encoded into the system from 2000‐2010. This covers approximately 20,000 cases encoded by 72 different missions. Screening interviews, undertaken upon first contact with the trafficked person, assess whether an individual was trafficked according to the definition provided in the Palermo Protocol and also their immediate protection needs. Assistance interviews, undertaken once the individual has accepted IOM assistance, document the victim’s background, recruitment and transportation, trafficking experience and their assistance and/or re/integration needs, including what service are (and are not) provided. The IOM database encodes data about individual trafficking victims according to these standardized interview forms. This standardized data is further supplemented by qualitative data from interviews with trafficking victims, which allows for the documentation of details that fall outside of the standardized fields and adds depth to the information collected. Interviews are undertaken by service providers, either an IOM staff or an NGO or GO partner with whom IOM works in providing direct assistance. The data in this document was compiled by IOM Headquarters staff, Anvar Serojitdinov, Project Officer, [email protected] in conjunction with the assistance of IOM field missions. All enquiries can be addressed to the given email address or directly to the appropriate IOM mission.
The State of Counter-Trafficking Research
A report prepared by IOM, NEXUS Institute and UNIAP on the key issues and outcomes of a three-day consultation among anti-trafficking researchers from around the world to take stock of the state of counter-trafficking research. The report is the result of a joint initiative by IOM, the NEXUS Institute and UNIAP (UNIAP, 2011)
UNITED NATIONS PROTOCOLS
United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (COTC) And The Protocols Thereto
The signing of this convention by the international community demonstrated the political will to answer a global challenge with a global response. It sent a clear message - if crime crosses borders, so must law enforcement. In response to one of the most egregious violations of human rights - the trafficking of persons, particularly women and children, for forced and exploitative labor, including for sexual exploitation, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children was introduced in 2000. Also known as the Palermo Protocol, 117 nations have since ratified this treaty in an attempt to counter the scourge of trafficking that is rooted in social and economic conditions in the countries from which the victims come, facilitated by practices that discriminate against women and driven by cruel indifference to human suffering on the part of those who exploit the services that the victims are forced to provide.
Protocol To Prevent, Suppress And Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women And Children (Trafficking In Persons Protocol)
The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, was adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25. It entered into force on 25 December 2003. It is the first global legally binding instrument with an agreed definition on trafficking in persons. The intention behind this definition is to facilitate convergence in national approaches with regard to the establishment of domestic criminal offences that would support efficient international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting trafficking in persons cases. An additional objective of the Protocol is to protect and assist the victims of trafficking in persons with full respect for their human rights.
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (Migrant Smuggling Protocol)
The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25, entered into force on 28 January 2004. It deals with the growing problem of organized criminal groups who smuggle migrants, often at high risk to the migrants and at great profit for the offenders. A major achievement of the Protocol was that, for the first time in a global international instrument, a definition of smuggling of migrants was developed and agreed upon. The Protocol aims at preventing and combating the smuggling of migrants, as well as promoting cooperation among States parties, while protecting the rights of smuggled migrants and preventing the worst forms of their exploitation which often characterize the smuggling process.
GUIDES & TOOLKITS
Annotated Guide to the Complete UN Trafficking Protocol
Annotated Guide to the Complete UN Trafficking Protocol providing a tool to assist advocates in the development of a human rights framework for national anti-trafficking laws and policies (International Human Rights Law Group, 2002)
(Re)thinking Trafficking Prevention: A Guide to Applying Behavior Theory
A guidebook highlighting the benefits of behavior theory, developed and refined in other fields, as a basis for stronger program design and evaluation in the anti-trafficking sector (Research Communications Group, ADB, UNIAP, 2011)
Monitoring Anti-Trafficking (Re)Integration Programmes: A Manual
A manual seeking to help fill the gap of information on monitoring and evaluation of anti-trafficking assistance, particularly (re)integration work, based on the work of NGOs currently active in (re)integration assistance in the Balkan region (NEXUS Institute, 2010)
Guide to Ethics and Human Rights in Counter-Trafficking
A guidebook introducing 7 key ethical principles for anti-trafficking research and programming, and including a number of tools for their practical application (UNIAP, 2008)
Shelter Self-Improvement Toolkit
A toolkit to provide policy makers and victim service providers with a basic set of instruments and program guidelines to implement a shelter self-improvement project, to be customized to meet the needs of the localized context, with training provided by experts of international quality standards for rights-based trafficking victims protection services (UNIAP, 2011)
Statistical Methods for Estimating Numbers of Trafficking Victims
A Summary of winning proposals from a new global competitive initiative to find methods for estimating numbers of trafficking victims in a given geographic area and/or sector (UNIAP, 2008)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND MIGRATION
International Framework for Action to Implement the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol
The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Smuggling of Migrants Protocol)1 was adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/25 and entered into force on 28 January 2004. To date, 124 United Nations Member States are parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Smuggling of Migrants Protocol)1 was adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/25 and entered into force on 28 January 2004. To date, 124 United Nations Member States are parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. The Framework for Action is a technical assistance tool that assists Member States to implement the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. The Framework for Action clarifies the objectives of the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol and recommends operational measures that can be taken to achieve these objectives in practice. (UNODC 2011)
Florida Trafficking Initiative Center for the Advancement of Human Rights, Florida State University
The Florida Trafficking Initiative is a project of The Center for the Advancement of Human Rights at Florida State University. Funded by the Florida Department of Children and Families, Office of Refugee Services, this project endeavors to bring together representatives from three U.S. Attorney Offices, local and state law enforcement, state attorneys, refugee assistance organizations, non-profit domestic violence, sexual assault advocates and other NGOs to address trafficking in our State. The Florida Trafficking Initiative involves collaboration among organizations and individuals from across the State of Florida. Florida's resettlement program is the largest in the nation, resettling 20,000 nearly refugees and entrants annually, more than double that of the next largest state. Since FY1990, Florida is home to nearly 200,000 refugees and immigrants. Through its refugee network, Florida offers a wide variety of programs to help with the resettlement of new arrivals, including employment, vocational education, English language training, crime prevention, health care, citizenship, childcare, and youth, elderly and family services.
Asylum Policies For Unaccompanied Children Compared With Expedited Removal Policies For Unauthorized Adults
United States Congress considers revising the current policy on how unaccompanied children should be treated in terms of asylum and expedited removal. Should unaccompanied children stay or be sent back? Those who support the expedited removal, argues that children who meet the “credible fear threshold” should be able to request asylum. For those who support the current policy, wants to give the unaccompanied children the opportunity to recover from their potential traumatizing journey before making their asylum claim. The treatment of unaccompanied alien children was included in the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) in 2008. The initial screening by TVPRA determine whether or not a child should be returned to their country or be transfer to Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) and placed in removal proceedings. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) requires asylum officer to conduct “child-appropriate interviews taking into account age, stage of language development, background, and level of sophistication”. USCIS would take the jurisdiction over the asylum application with pending claims in immigration court, if the child is unaccompanied alien child. (Congressional Research Service 2014).
Global Eye On Human Trafficking
This issue takes a closer look at human trafficking and labour exploitation of migrants in two industries particularly affected by these abuses – small-scale gold mining and fishing. Despite the varying modi operandi of traffickers from region to region, some commonalities include remote locations that isolate workers and hinder regular labour inspection and provision of services, the arduous manual labour required, and the informal or even illegal nature of the work. Another contribution focuses on the particular situation of Iraq, where some international companies have been found to employ exploited and/or trafficked migrants in the construction, domestic and service sectors. This issue then goes on to explore some of the responses and promising practices to combating the exploitation of migrant workers. (IOM 2012)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The Economics Of Human Trafficking And Labour Migration: Micro-Evidence From Eastern Europe
Human trafficking is a humanitarian problem of global scale, but quantitative research on the issue barely exists. This paper is the first attempt to analyze the economics of human trafficking and labour migration based on micro data, using unique household surveys from Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. We find that individual trafficking risks are much higher in regions with large emigration flows. The reasons are lower recruitment costs for traffickers in emigration areas and, to a less extent, more negative self-selection into migration. Our results also indicate that illegal migration increases trafficking risks and that better information, e.g. through awareness campaigns, might be an effective strategy to reduce the crime. These findings may help policymakers to better target antitrafficking efforts. (Journal of Comparative Economics 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2010.02.001
Targeting Endemic Vulnerability Factors To Human Trafficking
What makes a person or community vulnerable to human trafficking? Common assumptions are that poverty and a lack of education are primary factors, but evidence often proves otherwise. In different locales, different factors increase the risk of being trafficked. Evidence-based programming requires an understanding of the vulnerability factors, verified through research with individuals and communities at risk, to design appropriate interventions and achieve measurable positive impact in preventing trafficking and risky migration. (UNIAP 2007)
Migrants’ Remittances and Development: Myths, Rethoric and Realities
The close relationship between economic development and migration has been recognized for some time. In recent years, however, there has been a shift in thinking about the relationship between migration and development. Traditionally, migration was seen as a problem with negative implications for development. Today, there is a growing recognition that migration and migrants can enhance a country’s development. One of the factors which contributed to this change in thinking is the growing recognition of the importance of remittances. (IOM 2006)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND GENDER
How to Use a Trafficked Woman: The Alliance between Political and Criminal Trafficking Organisations
The principal argument of this paper is that migrant women with secure mobility rights and supportive social networks can avoid or mitigate many trafficking harms. However the paper contends that some actors have conspired to prevent such circumstances so as to pursue diverse political agendas at the expense of migrant women. The paper's analysis restructures the trafficking contest from organised criminals versus law enforcement agencies to principally a contest between migrant women and those political agents who benefit from the moral panic associated with trafficking. It is then argued that it is these more sophisticated political actors rather than organised criminals and the clients of sex workers are the most important stakeholders in sustaining or exploiting trafficking harm. Therefore, it is concluded that resolving many trafficking harms in the EEA could be achieved by subverting political traffickers through improving migration policy rather than fighting organised crime. (Davies and Davies 2008)
A Toolkit For Reporting To Cedaw On Trafficking In Women And Exploitation Of Migrant Women Workers
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is an international human rights treaty which aims to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and to promote equal rights between men and women worldwide. CEDAW is of great significance to trafficking in women and the exploitation of migrant women workers because it obliges states to uphold, promote, protect, respect and fulfil many rights which are critical in preventing and eliminating trafficking in women and the exploitation of migrant women workers and ensuring that adequate and rights enhancing protections and remedies are afforded to those affected. This toolkit provides guidance to NGOs engaging in the CEDAW review process. It hopes to enable NGO reporting to provide more thorough information on the situation of trafficking in women and the exploitation of women migrant workers 7 and to link these areas of concern with migration, labor and discrimination issues. It also provides lobbying tools for NGOs to facilitate effective advocacy to the Committee on these issues, in order that the Committee is better equipped to address trafficking and the exploitation of migrant women workers with states under review. (Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women 2011)
Trafficking in Persons: a Gender and Rights Perspective
The United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM-East and Southeast Asia Regional Office, Bangkok) and the United Nations Inter-agency Project on Human Trafficking in the Mekong Sub-region are pleased to present this briefing kit entitled “Trafficking in Persons: a Gender and Rights Perspective”. This kit is an invitation to all practitioners addressing the issue to revisit and rethink their efforts from a gender and rights perspective. (UNIFEM and UNIAP 2002)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Trafficking, Smuggling, and Human Rights
In recent years, the smuggling of human beings across international borders has grown rapidly. A small-scale cross border activity affecting a handful of countries has become a multimillion-dollar activity that is global in scope. Information about human smuggling — the numbers of people smuggled, the conditions that they endure in transit and their treatment on arrival — is patchy at best. It is currently estimated that some 800,000 people are smuggled across borders every year. These figures mask the complex and various experiences of the men, women, and children caught up in such processes. Those who are smuggled include political refugees, those fleeing conflict and violence of various kinds, and economic migrants in search of a better life.
Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking
A set of principles and guidelines providing practical, rights-based policy guidance on the prevention of trafficking and the protection of victims of trafficking. Their purpose is to promote and facilitate the integration of a human rights perspective into national, regional and international anti-trafficking laws, policies and interventions (OHCHR, 2002)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN SECURITY
Human Trafficking: An Issue of Human and National Security
There can be little doubt that trafficking in human beings, this billions-of-dollars illicit industry, is a horrendous by-product of global poverty and the unchecked greed. As this avalanche of people enslavement rolls down into our communities, it is adversely impacting the individual, the nation-state and humankind. It is as much endangering the security of the individual human being as it is interfering with the security of the nation. Hence, in this day and age of technology and globalization, the concept of national security, should, in accordance with our values, include human security, as the only way to effectively counter global threats and to achieve a public order of human dignity. Back in 1945, Edward Stettinius Jr., U.S. Secretary of State, reporting on the San Francisco Conference that established the United Nations, noted, with remarkable foresight: "The battle of peace has to be fought on two fronts. The first is the security front where victory spells freedom from fear. The second is the economic and social front where victory means freedom from want. Only victory on both fronts can assure the world of an enduring peace."2 Today, almost 70 years later, we are still struggling to be free from fear, free from want, and free to live a life of dignity in our communities. In the context of human trafficking, interference with these freedoms is both its cause and its consequence. This paper will first focus on defining the notions of national security and human security, then describe the scope and magnitude of human trafficking globally, in our Western hemisphere, as well as in our own Sunshine State, analyze the connection of human trafficking to national security, and conclude with a brief appraisal and recommendation. (National Security & Armed Conflict Law Review 2013)
A Human Security Approach to Anti-trafficking Policies in the EU: Tackling the Structural Sources of Vulnerability
For purposes that range from sexual exploitation to forced labor, from criminal activities to illegal child-adoption and the sale of organs, adult men, women and children are exploited in what represents a gross violation of their basic human rights. Next to the illicit trade in drugs and small weapons, trafficking in persons (TIP) is thought to represent the third largest criminal enterprise in the world, with annual profits estimated at $9.5 billion. This paper argues that if trafficking in persons is to be fought against effectively, the human aspect of the trafficking phenomenon has to be taken into consideration when devising anti-trafficking policies. Public policies have to tackle the structural causes of vulnerability to trafficking of people: address the socio-economic factors in origin countries in tandem with rethinking migration policies and reducing the factors underlying the demand for trafficked labor in destination countries. (Ionescu 2007)
Supporting The Strengthening Of Government Institutions And Civil Society Capacities To Improve The Protection Of Vulnerable Migrants In Transit
As part of the UNTFHS-funded project titled 'Supporting the strengthening of government institutions and civil society capacities to improve the protection of vulnerable migrants in transit' IOM Mexico has launched an E-learning Platform on Human Security and Migration. The online platform is a training tool that will provide quality and up-to-date training on issues of human security and migration, trafficking, children and adolescent migrants, human rights and crime prevention. It was designed for use by public officials, representatives of civil society and Central and South American consular officials responsible for providing assistance, guidance and protection to migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees. (IOM Mexico 2014)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION
The Links between Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: A Briefing Handbook
The handbook may be used as a resource for writing, for education, for work with women and men who wish to combat trafficking and to curb the growth of the sex industry, whether locally or globally. It can also be used as an information resource for those dealing with media – many of whom fail to focus on the essential ‘ demand ’ factor, preferring instead to keep their gaze on the woman in prostitution or provide a partisan voice for those who promote the alleged “ right to prostitute ” and romanticize prostitution as “ sex work,” in essence defending the vested interests of the sex industry. ( O’Conner and Healy 2006)
Assessing Criminal Justice and Human Rights Models in the Fight against Sex Trafficking: A Case Study of the ASEAN Region
This article focuses on how the responses of the States within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (hereinafter ASEAN) to combating sex trafficking, or trafficking for the purposes of forced prostitution, have evolved over time. In doing so it assesses the effectiveness of these frameworks in addressing the plight of trafficked victims and breaking the vicious cycle of trafficking. Part 2 gives a brief overview of the various criminal law, human rights and multidisciplinary frameworks developed by the international community against sex trafficking. Particular focus is given to the 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (hereinafter the 2000 Palermo Protocol against Trafficking) which has a multidisciplinary and victim-centred approach that reflects a change in the international community’s understanding of sex trafficking, not only as a crime, but as a violation of victims’ rights and whose complex push and pull factors necessitate a multidisciplinary approach. Part 3 then examines ASEAN’s approach to combatting sex trafficking, focusing in particular on how the dominant criminal law approach adopted by ASEAN does not adequately protect trafficked victims, nor does it effectively break the cycle of trafficking. Parts 4, 5 and 6 outline and assess the anti-trafficking strategies developed in Malaysia, a country which has in the past fought sex trafficking via a strict criminal law model, and the Philippines, a country which in the past sought to suppress trafficking pursuant to a labour migration framework. It describes how these countries have, in line with international developments, moved towards adopting a more multidisciplinary and victim-centred approach towards combatting sex trafficking.( Essex Human Rights Review 2006)
The Small Hands of Slavery
Save the Children has highlighted eight forms of child slavery. There are 5,000 prostitutes under the age of 18 in the UK, according to a charity report. Save the Children's figures suggest three-quarters of these are girls, and 1.8 million children are being abused in the sex industry across the world. The report, marking 200 years since the end of the British slave trade, says 1.2 million children and babies are trafficked every year worldwide. The gangs involved make an annual £15bn profit, the charity says. Save the Children says the eight most common forms of child slavery today are: child trafficking, child prostitution, bonded child labour (to pay off debt), forced work in mines, agricultural labour, child soldiers, forced child marriage, and domestic slavery. The report states one million children are risking their lives in mines and quarries in more than 50 African, Asian and South American countries. About 132 million children under the age of 15 are working in agriculture, often exposed to pesticides, heavy machinery, machetes and axes, it says. There are 300,000 children involved with fighting forces, including government armies, the report says. Child marriage - including mail order and internet brides - is one of the most widespread forms of slavery, it adds. The charity called on the world's governments to ensure an end to child slavery. (Save The Children 2007)
United Nations Convention Against Translational Organized Crime and the Protocol Thereto
United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime
UNODC-2004
Overview: “The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000, is the main international instrument in the fight against transnational organized crime. It opened for signature by Member States at a High-level Political Conference convened for that purpose in Palermo, Italy, on 12-15 December 2000 and entered into force on 29 September 2003. The Convention is further supplemented by three Protocols, which target specific areas and manifestations of organized crime: the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children; the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; and the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition. Countries must become parties to the Convention itself before they can become parties to any of the Protocols.”
Weblink: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/treaties/CTOC/
Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP)
United States Department of State
US-DOS
“The Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report is the U.S. Government’s principal diplomatic tool to engage foreign governments on human trafficking. It is also the world’s most comprehensive resource of governmental anti-human trafficking efforts and reflects the U.S. Government’s commitment to global leadership on this key human rights and law enforcement issue. It represents an updated, global look at the nature and scope of trafficking in persons and the broad range of government actions to confront and eliminate it. The U.S. Government uses the TIP Report to engage foreign governments in dialogues to advance anti-trafficking reforms and to combat trafficking and to target resources on prevention, protection and prosecution programs. Worldwide, the report is used by international organizations, foreign governments, and nongovernmental organizations alike as a tool to examine where resources are most needed. Freeing victims, preventing trafficking, and bringing traffickers to justice are the ultimate goals of the report and of the U.S Government's anti-human trafficking policy. In the TIP Report, the Department of State places each country onto one of three tiers based on the extent of their governments’ efforts to comply with the “minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking” found in Section 108 of the TVPA. While Tier 1 is the highest ranking, it does not mean that a country has no human trafficking problem. On the contrary, a Tier 1 ranking indicates that a government has acknowledged the existence of human trafficking, made efforts to address the problem, and complies with the TVPA’s minimum standards. Each year, governments need to demonstrate appreciable progress in combating trafficking to maintain a Tier 1 ranking.”
Weblink: http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/
People Trafficking, Human Security and Development
Development Bulletin 2004
Overview: This special issue of Development Bulletin offers a good overview of fundamental issues on human trafficking in relation to human security. About 10 years ago, when trafficking of women, men and children was becoming a major international issue, the collected articles offered a overview of the various ramifications in national politics, legislative developments, criminal punishment, corruption prevention, respect of human rights, migration and poverty. In the same year when the notion of human security came to the international attention, this publication has been relevant to show the connections of human security and anti-human trafficking specific to the Australian context but also relevant to many other global and glocal contexts.
Weblink: Download the entire publication here: https://crawford.anu.edu.au/rmap/devnet/devnet/db-66.pdf
OTHER IMPORTANT LINKS ON RESOURCES FOR ANTI-HUMAN TRAFFICKING
